Eye Witness Identification Essays -- essays research papers

Although the phrase â€Å"they all look alike to me† is widely known and used as a joke (Goldstein & Chance, 1985) the implications that the phrase yields may not be as widely understood as they should be. In the criminal justice system, eyewitness identifications can play a major role in the decisions made by jurors even though it has been shown that jurors have little awareness of factors that affect the reliability of eyewitness accounts (Cutler, Penrod, & Dexter, 1990). One such factor is identifications made by people identifying someone of a different race, (when describing race as Caucasian, of African descent, of Asian descent, or Latino), which can be referred to as other-race identification or other-race recognition (Lavrakas, Buri, & Mayzner, 1976). If the phrase â€Å"they all look alike to me†, which states that people of another group appear homogenous, is true for most people then it is possible that other-race identifications should be considered less reliable than within-race identifications. It has in fact been shown that people are more accurate at identifying others of their own race than at identifying others of a different race (Penrod, Shapiro 1986). Since it has been established that the other-race recognition is not always as accurate as within-race recognition, finding the cause for this effect is important. One possible cause is the quantity of experience a person has with another race. People are less accurate at identifying faces of a different racial group than at identifying faces of their own racial group because they have less experience with the other race. We would expect that as the amount of experience a person has with a different racial group decreases the less accurate they will be at identifying faces of that race. It would also be expected that if you raise someone’s level of experience with a different racial group, possibly through training, the ability to identify faces in that racial group should increase. The amount of experience a person has with another racial group should determine how accurate they will be at identifying people of that race. Those who report having large amounts of contact with another race should show better accuracy in identifying people of that race than those reporting small amounts of contact with the other race. In a study done by John ... ...vents the drawing of a firm conclusion. REFERENCES Brigham, John C., & Malpass Roy S., (1985) The role of Experience and Contact in the Recognition of Faces Of Own- and Other-Race Persons. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 139-155. Lavrackas, Paul J., Buri John R., & Mayzner Mark S., (1976) A Perspective on the Recognition of Other-Race Faces. Perception & Psychophysics, 20, 475-481. Shepherd, John, Deregowski, Jan B., & Ellis, Hadyn D., (1974) A Cross-Cultural Study of Recognition Memory For Faces. International Journal of Psychology, 9, 205-211.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Goldstein, Alvin G., & Chance, June, (1985) Effects of Training on Japanese Face Recognition: Reduction of the Other-Race Effect. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 23, 211-214. Anthony, Tara, Copper, Carolyn, & Mullen, Brian, (1992) Cross-Racial Facial Identification: A Social Cognitive Integration. PSPB, 18, 296-301. Shapiro, Peter N., Penrod, Steven D., (1986) Meta-Analysis of Facial Identification Studies. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 139-156. Cutler, B. L., Penrod, Steven D., (1990) Juror Sensitivity to to Eyewitness Identification Evidence. Law and Human Behavior, 14, 185-192.

Application of Music therapy and Psychodrama Essay

With the blooming economic growth and remarkable improvement of people’s living standard, we focus on balancing physical well-being and emotional health in our daily life. Active research and the practice of improving mental health have become one of the most studied areas of science in the 20th century. Complimentary therapies have become more established during this time to supplement the Doctor’s Prescription pad. Combined with the lack of prior education in musical therapy, recipients can access this form of treatment without barrier because of the innate capacity for human’s to appreciate musical form and the profoundness with which we all regard music. This form of therapeutic treatment therefore transcends traditional forms of medical treatment such as paediatrics and adult health as all age groups seem to take part in the musical experience irrespective of gender, ethnicity etc., which has elsewhere in medicine been attributed some special status such as the requirement in paediatrics for twice the capacity in dealing with minority groups not exceeding one-third of the populace. Looking at all therapies around us, Music Therapy comes in different methods and approaches. Music is a language of its own; it is an alternation form of expression that is different to everyday verbal language communication. There are different definitions of Music Therapy due to different research types carried out in each country. In a definition given by the American Music Therapy Association, 2005, Music Therapy is the clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish individualized goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional who has completed an approved music therapy program. Professor K. Bruscia defined music therapy as ‘A systematic process of intervention wherein the therapist helps the client to achieve health, using musical experiences and the relationships that develop through them as dynamic forces of change.’ In my understanding of broadening this definition, Music therapy is a systematic therapy treatment program of applying music or music related experience to promote physical and mental health. Any therapy that planned to apply music as a tool, in order to achieve the purpose of promoting human physical and mental wellbeing, should belong to scope of music therapy. Psychodrama, which was developed by J. L. Moreno, is used as a form of psychotherapy. Psychodrama is an action method, participants use dramatization, role playing and dramatic self-presentation, which often includes elements of theater and uses props on a stage, to recreate real-life situation, acting them out in the present. This can also be seen as psychodramatic enactment. Participants have the opportunity to evaluate their behavior and understand better a particular situation in their lives or common experiences in life in general. Moreno encourages participants expressing their underlying needs in role playing, and thereby neutralizing their compelling influence and tendencies. Clients can use non verbal expression e.g. musical instruments, for their emotion and feeling, which helps naturally healing by this process. Music and Drama are connected historically and have strong affection on each other in many aspects. The same theatrical forms of plays and opera will have the same healing effect. They all support the development of spontaneity and uninhibited expression of emotions and feelings. It’s unusual to see the combination of music therapy and psychodrama together until the advent of this book: ‘Acting Your Inner Music: Music Therapy and Psychodrama ’by Joseph J. Moreno. The method that is used in this book is defined as music psychodrama, is a particular complementary therapy. The complementary therapy integrates music and psychodrama for participants adequately exchange between music and verbal language, to complement expression of emotion and feeling. The ensemble of music improvisation, creation, using treatments from music therapy, together with traditional psychodramatic therapy, psychodramatic enactment, is a comprehensive treatment which shows better therapeutic effect than any single treatment of the two. The Complementary therapies, which is a term used to describe therapy that combines both music therapy and psychodrama together concomitantly. The complementary therapy requires participants in groups to express their emotion by communicating effectively with both music and language. Participants don’t need to have any musical background; neither needs to know how to play any musical instruments. In another words, anyone who wants to take part in this therapy are welcome to take part in, despite age, gender, occupation and education of participants. The Musical presentation of human emotion can be expressed quite well. This brings out a new and unique treatment effect in complementary therapy. The core of music psychodrama is a psycho-dramatic musical improvisation ensemble. It’s a way of experiencing what happened and how individuals reacted to the given situation and ambient experience of music in combination with an acting format. In order for participants to ‘let go of themselves’ and enable each individual to freely express their emotion and feeling, the following stages are operated by a psychodrama director or a psychotherapist with musical background: Musical improvisation serve as warm ups; Action, Individual and group improvisation and psychodrama; collectively combined constitute a common access point to Sharing. It’s important to note that interpersonal relationships between client and therapist, or psychodrama director remain strong during the whole process; music selected for the therapy is not for leisure proposes. Therefore the director needs to have a musical background and have professional understanding of music. Director also needs to have intensive training and be familiar with the therapeutic processes, as well as build up close relationship with participants. The room that psychodrama and music therapy is taking place should be quiet and comfortable for all participants to be in and enjoy. Children should not be put into a group of adult participants, babies should not be allowed in the room. If a child cries during the therapy, the sound of crying may tune with high pitch together with the therapeutic music. This could results unnecessary tension and upset and bought to participants, having negative emotions. * Warm ups A group of five or five participants are formed either by volunteering or selected by a Director. Each individual is asked to select a musical instrument and then to play a solo improvisation on their instrument, expressing their feeling at the moment or overall life situation. All solo improvisation is recorded and played back for participants to discuss and analyse. This is an effective projective technique. Emotions and personalities of individuals can be simply revealed by sounds projected through the instrumentation. Group music improvisation is another technique that helps the warm up of musical psychodrama. The principle is similar to individual improvisation. But this technique would emphasize emotions of members towards others in the group. During the orchestrated performance by phychodrama director or a musical therapiest, group members would emphasize their intragroup communication, responsiveness and rapport building of each member. For example, some would be the person who takes the leads in the group; some would be supporting and coordinating the group; some would immerse in their own performance; therapist can observe individual reactions to the other’s real behaviour rather than merely listen to verbal description by them. Involvement in and exposure to these experiences would help participants emerging musical imagery and emotional expression to the next stage of therapy, the musical psychodrama. * Action Protagonist selection of psychodrama is complete by discussion and identification of distinctive sounds of their instruments. During the action of psychodrama on the stage, protagonists need to move from one character to another character by swapping their situations, which means move himself into another person’s situation, and learn and action to the other person’s mind. The protagonist is living in another person’s life. When verbal expression is not clear enough to express by the protagonist, music or instrument can be selected by participants to better express their feelings. For example, participant may select a drum, which is a very powerful and dynamic instrument. The participant can play the drum in a very dominant and aggressive manner; it would easily affect the group feeling and continuously move the whole group to a stronger sharp and dynamic level. This might also create conflict between group members. The other group members may also use their instruments to change the aggressive behaviour of this participant with drum. In normal verbal communication, people who are involved in the communication also move with rhythmic synchronicity with speaker. If someone wants to pass their opposite opinion or thoughts to a listener in a soft, slow and gentle tone, listener will tend to be easier to accept their opposite idea than someone speak in a fast and commanding voice. Music has the same effect on people in affecting people’s emotion and feelings. By playing soft and sad music, this music is responsiveness to the drum player. Every nuance gives a continue reaction to drum player’s feeling. The drum player would be able to verbalise the different feelings, the subliminally hearing helps him to fell and benefit from the group support that the music which is played by other members of the group. Music psychodrama can be seen as a real life. The protagonist will be in different relationships and situations, for example, accepting a death from a beloved one, or giving up part of his life. It takes great courage to release part of ego. Communication through music in the improvisation may sometimes work better and more effectively than verbal communication. Musical mirroring is an auxiliary technique to mirror the progatonist’s behaviour or style of interaction by a selection of an appropriate musical instrument and improvise musical statement. The advantage of musical mirroring over verbal mirroring is helping it portray the protagonist’s essential behaviour without being mired in words. Musical modelling is a technique that suggests and influences the protagonist’s action, behave and interact through improvisational statements. The advantages are similar Musical Mirroring. Break-in and Break-out techniques are very special techniques in psychodrama. They can be very strong and effective approaches in the session for break through barriers that a protagonist holds him back in a real life situation. Break-in, protagonist may feel him being excluded from a group, feeling from outside of a group and looking in; Break-out is the reversed situation. In both these two situations, the protagonist needs to find the initiative to break the inner barriers and reconnect to the outside. Group members will surround the protagonist in a circle with locked arms; sometimes, depending on individual circumstance of protagonist, the group members will verbally taunt the protagonist and playing intensive nervous music; protagonist needs to fight his way out of this circle and break this barrier. * Sharing Sharing is an essential component in psychodrama. After the psychodrama enactment, all group members will be encouraged by director to share the feelings, thoughts in the experience both verbally and non-verbally. All members will be reassembling face to face in a circle. The purpose of this sharing is not only to help the protagonist feel less isolated; but also help the group member to find out their identification and share these identifications. Sharing in psychodrama enable the unconsciousness deep under in one’s mind to become conscious, enable all participants to find the fundamental problems in themselves. Protagonists in music psychodrama, just like performance in other types of drama, need to be engrossed and throw themselves into the performance. There are many issues that would affect the performance. For example, participants need to be in a quiet and comfortable room for all activities. They will not be disturbed by others outside the room. It’s also very important to build up confidence and trust between participants and director. The soul in musical psychodrama is the music that is selected for improvisation for participants. The director must be someone who has musical background and have well understanding of psychology. During the musical expression on stage, people who have no musical education normally do better than those who have been studied music for a long time. People who study music are more emotional and have more susceptibilities. They know how to technically control musical instruments and vocal, as well as rhythm sensation and volume. This is a limitation of applying musical psychodrama for musicians and musical students. How to use these musical techniques on these people is a subject that we can study. Certain music expression can be conveyed by the elements of music, for example, dynamic indications, differing qualities of touch and articulation, colour, intensity, energy and excitement, etc, through performance. Director needs to have certain level of appreciation of music in order to distinguish the content conveyed by participants. During the sharing, director and all participants will obtain different level of understanding. These are due to individual differences by culture, education, age, religion and life experiences. These differences would still contribute and help participants to express their emotions freely. Both music therapy and psychodrama are therapeutic approaches for participants to active their own treatment. The participants, who can be with or without prior music background and knowledge, use music, music instruments or any alternative to verbal expression, improvising their emotions and feelings in interaction with auxiliaries. Some members of the group in these involvements might be less activated with little response to surroundings. These silent participants are also absorbing and learning from the therapy in different levels, reflecting in a inner-action that also help with improving the pshchological status of participants. Music psychodrama in Mainland China Psychodrama and Music Therapy were introduced in Mainland China in the 80’s. The standard of the knowledge, skills, professionalism and application of music therapy and musical psychodrama are far from the standards of similar researches and studies in these subjects. Both forms of practices are still in the initial stage. For example, in the mid 80s, someone used the term Music Therapy in a clinic in Hunan Province and claimed that Music Therapy can treat many diseases. The so called Therapist only played some soft music for patients and used music as a medicine for treatment. This was totally misunderstood at the time due to lack of knowledge in this new psychotherapy. During 1985-1986, Beijing Anding Hospital and Beijing Hui Longguan hospital started researchs on Music therapy treatments for chronic mental disorders, Music therapy for senile melancholia; combined therapies for chronic psychosis disorders. China Association for Music Therapy was formed in 1989. In 1991, Music performance personnel stage nervous correctional and training research was produced by Zhang Hongyi. In 1999, China Conservatory of Music formed Music therapy centre for research and development in this subject. More people started to study and research for music therapy in China recent years. Music Therapy In Treatment Of The Cancer Patients is published in Chinese Mental Health Journal in 2001; Mood and Cognition in Music Therapy is a book that was published by Wu Ji-Hong and Wan Ying in 2006. Music Therapy is growing and being more and more recognised in China in recent years. Main obstacles for developments of Music Therapy in China are listed as followings: poor quality on academic researches and studies, knowledge and skills of this psychotherapy fall behind western countries; the value of academic in researches and publishes don’t have the standard compare to countries like American and the UK; there are not official publisher that focus in this subject; there are no professional bodies to evaluate and assess music therapists, neither any regulation nor laws to protect patients; lack of public awareness. Psychodrama or combination of Music and Psychodrama are less common in Chi na. People are not aware of this term and what it is involves. A small number of researches were carried out in schools and education. On School Psychodrama was published by Chen Xiaomei in Journal of Fujian Commercial College in 2006. Schools can be selected as operational bases for more researches and studied to carry out for psychodrama. Students will also benefit from different activities carried out by psychotherapist and receive good mental health education. In a research programme that was carry out in a university, 300 students were randomly selected for a mental health test. The result shows that 61 students have various degrees of psychological problems, which equals to 20.61% of candidates. The majority problems are caused by stresses come from studies, worries of employment, interpersonal relationships. This research provides a good breakthrough of applying music therapy for people of who can benefit. Localisation of Music therapy in China is the first step of development of music therapy and musical psychodrama. To develop this, musicians and therapists need to adapt to the Chinese culture and the Chinese social. A serial of arrangement need to be carried out for this localisation procedure: in an academic point of view, meetings and conferences for music therapists, psychologists, musicians, and other relevant specialists to meet up, set up a proper research area for music therapy, either as an academic discipline or therapeutic treatment. Researches then carried out to categorize music therapy to more detailed branches and select those can be better adapt in China; at the same time, establish and set up institution for this practise. Set up exams and assessment to select people who have musical and psychological expertise to become music therapists. Set up music therapy centres and clinics in hospitals and schools for people who want to participate in the theory. Establish database and update the information for people who are interested in this field. There are currently very few workshop and activity group in Mainland China. But there are some music therapy associations and workshops in Taiwan and Hong Kong. Music Therapy Association of Taiwan is formed in 1996. In 2012, GaoXiong hospitals approved to use music therapy as a form of clinical alternation treatment for patients. Hong Kong Music Therapy Centre was formed in 2008. The centre was operated by Ms Mak, an Association of Professional Music Therapists as well as qualification from Academy for Neurologic Music Therapy Academy. She’s the first music therapist in Hong Kong. Many lecturers and workshops are being held in the centre for a range of different attendants, especially youth in Hong Kong. Mainland China should learn and try to implement the development of music therapy in Taiwan and Hong Kong.

Emotional Intelligence Being A Leader - 1837 Words

Emotional Intelligence Being a leader is a gift; something that is hard to learn, and something that many people are more predisposed to be than others. A good example of a wonderful religious leader, in my opinion, would be John Paul II. Ever since John Paul was a child he had a natural ability to affect people around him in a positive way. Moreover, the Pope’s emotional intelligence made him and even better religious leader because it allowed him not only to reason more effectively, but to be empathetic to others. As I approach the end of nursing school I want to become a good leader with a high level of emotional intelligence because it will not only prepare me to be a better leader one day, but it will also give me a greater self-awareness and will allow me to be a better nurse. The purpose of this paper is to discover how important emotional intelligence is to being a better nurse to my patient, a better co-worker, and a better supervisor to all those that I will be worki ng with. Definitions, History, and Concepts According to Hein (2005), emotional intelligence can be defined as an innate potential to feel, use, communicate, recognize, remember, describe, identify, learn from, manage, understand and explain emotions†. In my opinion, emotional intelligence means that one is aware of emotions, not only his or her emotions but also the emotions of others. One who is emotionally intelligent has great self discipline, and is able to get through to people. BeingShow MoreRelatedEmotional Intelligence : Being A Leader2034 Words   |  9 PagesEmotional Intelligence Being a leader is a gift, something that is hard to learn and many people are more predisposed to be a leader than others. People that are natural leaders, very often have this sort of charisma that draws others to follow them. A good example of a wonderful religious leader in my opinion would be John Paul II. Ever since John Paul was a kid he has had this natural ability to positively affect people around him. Moreover, John Paul’s emotional intelligence made him even aRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Personal Intelligence1571 Words   |  7 Pagestask to explain emotional intelligence, and give two (2) example of the concept. Second, to examine, the concept of â€Å"emotional quotient† compared to traditional â€Å"intelligence quotient.† Third to suggest two to three (2-3) reasons why leaders’ need emotional intelligence to manage today’s workforce, as well as to speculate on at least two (2) possible consequences should a leader not posse ss emotional intelligence. 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Emotional intelligence involves one’s proficiency in realizing and then being able to behaviors, moods and impulses and thus managingRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Leadership Training1424 Words   |  6 Pagesinto leadership training in the aim of finding the right leaders for success, however it has been observed that too much importance has been given to IQ and leaders haven t been performing up to expectations. (Doe, Ndinguri and Phipps 2015). With the realisation of IQ not being the sole factor for success researchers have directed more focus into Emotional Intelligence, in fact Doe, Ndinguri and Phipps (2015) argue that emotional intelligen ce may be the determining factor for the success or failureRead MoreSelf-Assessment of Emotional Intelligence Essay651 Words   |  3 PagesEmotional Intelligence Emotional intelligence is an important characteristic in becoming a good leader. â€Å"Emotional intelligence is the ability to manage oneself and ones relationships in mature and constructive ways† (Kinicki Kreitner, 2009, p.137).Being a good leader entails more than just being smart; leaders need to be able to connect to their employees emotionally and empathetically. Organizations today not only look for leaders with the skills, but leaders that can emotionally connectRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Nursing Practice1681 Words   |  7 PagesEmotional Intelligence and Nursing What is emotional intelligence? What does it have to do with nursing? Why do we care? In this paper I will be discussing what emotional intelligence is, why it is so important, functions of its use in nursing practice, how it can be used in my own practice to lead, and lastly how my views on leadership have changed. Most importantly though I will be discussing the application of emotional intelligence and its parts to nursing. After reading this paper, thereRead MoreEmotional Intelligence Training For Increased Success1351 Words   |  6 PagesEmotional Intelligence Training for Increased Success The global business environment is complex and dynamic. Everyone working in business across the globe is experiencing stress (Singh Sharma, 2012). Due to the quick pace at which decisions may need to be made, understanding the impact of mood and emotions on decision making is important for leaders (Brabec, 2012). Decisions are made at all levels within the organization, therefore emotional intelligence skills are required for everyone withinRead MoreEmotional Intelligence, By John Mayer And Peter Salovey1445 Words   |  6 Pagesare many different definitions of what emotional intelligence is and exactly which components should be included to comprise it. The most basic model of emotional intelligence is the four branch model described by John Mayer and Peter Salovey in 1997. The key concepts included in the four branch model are: emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive emotions, to access and generate emotions so as to assist thought, to understand emotions and emotio nal meanings, and to reflectively regulate

Violence and Freedom- Exploring the Use of Violence to...

The role of violence in the liberation of peoples from systems of domination is necessarily entwined to the concept of freedom. Herbert Marcuse and Frantz Fanon argue that violence, in various forms, is the only reasonable rebuttal to the abhorrent system of subjugation, whether it is in shape of something as transparent as apartheid to thinly veiled laws that take away the rights of humans under the capitalist system. To even understand the relationship between freedom and violence it has to be established what it is even meant by the phrase â€Å"violence† while simultaneously attempting to understand what means are necessary to achieve this end. Furthermore, what does it mean to be â€Å"violent† and is it always acceptable to use violence as†¦show more content†¦Violence and freedom are inexorably linked because of this conflict between two groups wherein freedom is withheld utilizing violence as a means to uphold the status quo; it should be obvious the n that violence is the only retort to the use of force to deny freedom. The very act of denying freedom to those that seek it is a violent act therefore, according to Marcuse, violence against the oppressors is justifiable because it is merely â€Å"counterviolence† (â€Å"Ethics and Revolution† 137). Here, Marcuse also examines the historical role of violence in bringing about dramatic change, positing that there are numerous historical â€Å"situations in which violence becomes the necessary and essential element to progress† (â€Å"Ethics and Revolution† 137). It can be seen, historically speaking, that the liberation of peoples does not come without a violent struggle between two or more groups. Marcuse’s stance is almost solely based on the examination of historical revolutions, providing himself and his readers with ample evidence that emancipation only occurs violently. This is not to say that change can only happen with the utilization of bloodshed but that revolutionary change can only occur in such a manor. Radical change requires the reconstruction of an existing system therefore implying that destruction, a necessarily violentShow MoreRelatedNstp Handouts13038 Words   |  53 Pagescontinually re-chosen as a person matures. As a person grows, he/she is continually choosing values and fashioning his/her hierarchy of values. Looking at the problems being faced by every Filipino at this point, one can surmise that oppression, violence, greed, exploitation, environmental degradation and corruption are by-products of a decrepit and twisted value system. As Filipinos, we should realize that if we want to see a better Philippines, we should break this culture of corruption and oppressionRead MoreHow Fa Has the Use of English Language Enriched or Disrupted Life and Culture in Mauritius15928 Words   |  64 Pageslost a valued friend, and was likely dealing with this conflict herself. At the start of the poem, she uses the word â€Å"Immortality,† which would likely imply that there is an afterlife, and the spirit of her friend is living on there. However, the fifth stanza of the poem describes a house buried in the ground, one that is certainly inaccessible to anyone trying to enter. In the next stanza, she uses â€Å"Eternity† instead of â€Å"Immortality.† Combined with the buried house, this word choice has a very differentRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesblack consciousness that has been part of the Jamaican experience for years. The truth is that there has always been a committed Jamaican counter- culture that celebrates and sees redemption in Africa and rejects the European values that have oppressed a society. But prior to the advent of popular culture and especially the music recording business in the late twentieth century, its apparatus of cultural formation was controlled fully by the elite who, to a large extent, ran the educational Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesfor getting to grips with the field of organization theory. Dr Martin Brigham, Lancaster University, UK McAuley et al. provide a highly readable account of ideas, perspectives and practices of organization. By thoroughly explaining, analyzing and exploring organization theory the book increases the understanding of a field that in recent years has become ever more fragmented. Organization theory is central to managing, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect

Annotated Bibliography On Online Pharmacy - 988 Words

Topic: Online Pharmacy Aim: This report offers a comparative analysis of the domain naming and registration systems to assist a client for choosing URL (Uniform Resource Locator) of an online pharmacy in Australia. Global trends and international perspectives of domain name registration systems has been considered in this project and the dynamics in the respective domain name systems. The research project explores the benefits and difficulties of the restrictive domain name registration system and the addressing issues of several URLs comparing with other websites. It also examines recent rules which allows for the sale of domain name licence in Australia. The main purpose of the website to sell medicine and medical products through†¦show more content†¦We ensure the trust between sellers and buyers. Initially, www.onlinemedshop.com has been selected to the particular client. The main reasons for picking this domain name are - It is short and easy to memorize. Sometimes people struggle to recall a long domain, even it consists with simple words. Also, it is hard to reminiscence a short URL with difficult words. The URL naming terms is related with the website. As it is an online shop, so online is very common term to everyone, whereas med depicts medicine. The URL is unique one, it has been checked by whois lookup. So, there is no copyright infringement. The simple and common terms are available in every search engine. If people type the keyword such as online pharmacy or med or shop in Google it will easily show up the website in the retrieved web list. It is also easy to type. Sometimes people do mistake to type a simple long domain name or a hard one. So, there is less possibility of making mistake when the terms are comfortable to all kind of customers. The terms sound good and it gives impression to the readers that they can get all details of medicines and buy their drugs through the website. There is no hyphen and numbers which causes the domain name verbally hard. However, there about twenty domain names are recommended in the Naming section which can guide the client to choose the best possible URL for their online pharmacy. All names are

American Beauty1 Essay Example For Students

American Beauty1 Essay The beauty that addresses itself to the eyes is only the spell of the moment; the eye of the body is not always that of the soul. George Sand hit the nail right on the head when he said this in 1872. Appearance versus reality has been a central theme in many American creative works including the film American Beauty. American Beauty is a film that delves into your typical, middle-class suburban American home and slowly uncovers all of the abnormalities that lie within. The family is portrayed as normal but as the films tag line suggests look closer then it is possible to fully understand the implications that takes place in this seemingly happy home. The film is masterfully directed by the famous theater director Sam Mendes and encompasses a great number of cinematic techniques that appear fresh and exciting. Critics have mentioned many of these techniques. However, they failed to notice the clever use of color used throughout the filmespecially the color red. Sam Mendes effectively uses the color red; as a central motif to accentuate mood and theme, to contrast families, and to reveal characters personalities and feelings. In American culture red is a color of various meanings and images. The color red is the essence of life; it is the color of blood. It can insinuate energy, vitality, passion, anger, power, excitement, and sacrifice. It is a grounding color. Red can stand for warmth, danger, love, sex, death, rage, lust, and beauty. Red is the color used for the womens clothing, the cars, the doors and also it is the color of Lesters blood splattered across the white table at the end of the movie. Red is the central motif of the film. Sam Mendes incorporated many of these meaning of red within the film American Beauty, Not only did Sam Mendes implant a motif of red, he also incorporated a motif of the red rose. Roses in American culture are the ultimate symbol of love, life and death. Flowers are a large part of the American culture. They have come to symboli ze compassion, caring and love. The beauty of roses are superceded with danger, for they have thorns that can prick. Roses epitomize beauty; perhaps that is why they chose the title American Beauty. The title American Beauty is a hodgepodge of symbolism; it encompasses a variety of meanings. For the viewer it can stand for the American beauty rose a rare and antique climbing rose much like the roses in the Burnham garden. It can also represent the American ideal of a woman such as Angela, the ideal American beauty with her long flowing blonde hair, her porcelain complexion and her ruby red lips and bright blue eyes. Another adaptation of the title is the beauty of a perfect American home much like the Burnhams home appears to be. But all have flaws, the rose has thorns to prick, Angela has her fear of being ordinary and the Burnhams home, well it too is cursed with the reality that they are a dysfunctional family. Red roses become not only a motif in the film; they come to represent symbols. They are prevalent in almost every scene. They are in the garden; almost every room in the house has a bouquet of brightly colored roses in a vase. They are the centerpieces to the dining room table. This table becomes a motif in the film as well, the family has its nightly dinner ritual and over the course of the movie we see a delineation of the family at this table. Rose petals are the symbol of sex as well, they are seen surrounding Angela for Lester, they burst out of her blouse, they pop out of his mouth after he fantasizes of kissing her and they fall from the ceiling onto his face when he pictures her above his bed. The front door to the house becomes a motif as well, with constant references from neighbors about the house with the red door. As if the door is a gateway to the oddities lurking inside the house. Within the house Mendes restricted the colors to a monochromatic blue-gray scheme to emph asize the isolation between the Burnhams. Lester escapes from this cold and lonely house by creating a domain for himself, it is framed in golden browns, and this separates him even further from the blue-gray existence he had been living.To carry further the theme that the Burnhams happy home is just a front for what lies deep inside. Sam Mendes juxtaposes the Burnhams house with the neighbors homes. The bright, almost artificial colors of Burnhams house are quite a contrast against the Fitts which is very bland and regimented; inside it is almost Amish looking. It is completely void of plant life and aethstetics typically associated with homes. They have limited furniture and dcor, and the furniture that is present is plain, straight lined dark and wooden. The lighting is dim and the prevalent color throughout the home is white or cream. The Fritts family is one of distances. Mendes makes a point by surrounding them in bland, melancholy colors and spacing them at length from one an other. The family is clad in black and white throughout most of the film to externalize the loneliness and isolation between themselves and society. The other neighbors present appear at first to be the most abnormal of the bunch. They are Jim and Jim, two very successful men living together as partners. They are always bright and cheery dressed in primary colors and portrayed as happy and full of life. The irony is that they are most normal characters in the entire film.Color is used not only to show juxtapositions in neighborhoods, but to bring out the characters as well. .u0478db491162020da5255cce4450fcda , .u0478db491162020da5255cce4450fcda .postImageUrl , .u0478db491162020da5255cce4450fcda .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0478db491162020da5255cce4450fcda , .u0478db491162020da5255cce4450fcda:hover , .u0478db491162020da5255cce4450fcda:visited , .u0478db491162020da5255cce4450fcda:active { border:0!important; } .u0478db491162020da5255cce4450fcda .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0478db491162020da5255cce4450fcda { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0478db491162020da5255cce4450fcda:active , .u0478db491162020da5255cce4450fcda:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0478db491162020da5255cce4450fcda .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0478db491162020da5255cce4450fcda .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0478db491162020da5255cce4450fcda .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0478db491162020da5255cce4450fcda .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0478db491162020da5255cce4450fcda:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0478db491162020da5255cce4450fcda .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0478db491162020da5255cce4450fcda .u0478db491162020da5255cce4450fcda-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0478db491162020da5255cce4450fcda:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Crazy Eddie EssaySam Mendes captures the essence of each character with color. At first we see Lester in cool desaturated colors to suggest a lack of energy and a drained life. As the film continues and Lester goes through a rebirth we see him develop a brighter outlook on life and the color of his garments go through a rebirth as well, at first he turns to yellow, then green and eventually he adopts red. He wears a red tank top, acquires a red car and pursues a job wearing a red and white uniform. Mendes uses this color transformation to show that Lester has remembered the things he wanted. He suddenly realizes what is lacking in his life and red clothing gives him a sens e of power and control over his life. What started this change was when he first saw Angela. She represents the ultimate sign of American beauty; she is adorned with red throughout the movie. She emanates sex and passion. Throughout the film she wears fire engine red lipstick, she wears brightly colored clothing and she is seen to Lester as surrounded by red rose petals, he has visions of her soaking in a bath tub of rose petals. Red is the dominant color of nail polish and lipstick for all the central females in the film including Caroline. Caroline Burnham goes through a transformation as well she outwardly appears isolated and controlling but underneath she yearns for passion and power. Mendes ingeniously shows this in the beginning of the film when Caroline undresses to clean a house and underneath her drab yellow suit is a crimson red camisole. While she cleans the dark and shadowy house she is backlit with brightly colored walls. She has a private breakdown and covers her sobb ing face with those powerful, sexy red nails to mask her uncharacteristic behavior. Carolyn attempts to fill her loneliness up with having the right things. The right car, the right house and even the right garden, but she doesnt see the big picture. She does transform, much like Lester into a more secure and grounded person. This is most apparent in the last sequence of the film when she is wearing a very sexy red velvet dress. She has become assertive and is ready to finally connect with Lester, even though she is too late. Early on it becomes obvious that she is obsessed with her image of success, and this is why she envies Buddy Kane so fervently. Buddy Kane the king of real estate is her competitor and the ideal figure of success, he has a bright red sign mounted in the yards of his homes to advertise himself. The sign represents his power and hints at his sexual appeal to Caroline. Jane and Ricky are important too, they are the more grounded of the characters, they are both pr esented in neutral colors throughout most of the film. They represent balance and neutrality in the movie. Rickys parents are not so neutral; they are dressed in pale, washed out colors to show their lack of vitality. Especially Mrs. Fritts, she plays a minor role in the movie and that is precisely the point Sam Mendes makes. She is seen as a minor role in the family. She is usually wearing a long white nightgown and appears almost as a ghost in the picture, t her family, she barely exists. American Beauty is a fantastic film that encourages viewers to look closer.Sam Mendes directed a film about American Beauty and foolish things that Americans do to keep up with appearances. He is urging us to find beauty in our lives, and to forget about having the perfect garden and home. He effectively uses the color red; as a central motif to accentuate mood and theme, to contrast families, and to reveal characters personalities and feelings. Mere colour, unspoiled by meaning, and unallied with definite form, can speak to the soul in a thousand different ways.Oscar WildeBibliography:Not needed

Task Sheet 2 Essay Example

Task Sheet 2 Essay Market research is used by businesses to find out the needs their customers have and the way they can improve their service or product so that it suits the needs of the customers. There are many ways to do this firstly there is something called primary research that is when the company it self sends out people to ask the general public questions to see how their service can be improved and what changes need to be made in what area. This is done in a number of ways such as the form of a questionnaire a one on one session. How ever before the company can actually go out and get first hand information the company decides what kind of questions they are going to ask if it is a questionnaire for example. They call this a sample this means it has a specific area that the company wants to target and that is the way the questionnaire will be formatted according to the sample in mind. There is also another way of market research this type is called secondary research this is a more simple and easier way to get information it is also cheaper as in secondary research companies take research already done by others and use that data to help them improve services based on the information they get from third parties this is also a cheaper way to research than primary research. We will write a custom essay sample on Task Sheet 2 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Task Sheet 2 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Task Sheet 2 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There is an extensive range of ways to obtain the information Errol wants. There are two methods which can be used in market research; primary and secondary research. Both methods involve many different ways of gathering information each meeting a different objective of market research for example the internet might find out about competition while surveys might find out about customers. Primary Research Primary research is defined as the research where information is collected first hand or directly. It is also known as field research as it normally involves going out in the field and finding information. Primary Research Before Errol Anderson Motors or any other company decides to carry out primary research they need to decide on the type of sample and the sample size of the population they will be taking to research. They need to find a sample size as investigating within the whole population would take too long and cost too much especially to Errol who doesnt have that kind of large capital at his dispense. The two types of sampling used in business are random and quota sampling. To randomly select a sample Errol will need to obtain a list of the local population and pick out for example every 100th name and interview the chosen names. This costs money and takes time and Errol has neither this is why he should go with Quota sampling which is cheaper and easier to complete. To do quota sampling Errol will have to pick a criteria i.e. age 18-40 and interview both genders equally as many times as he wants to. An example is picking an age of 20-40 and interviewing 200 males and 200 females fitting the criteria. This can be more useful than random sampling as Errol will get to pick the particular criteria he wants to investigate which would be car owners. Surveys; Surveys are normally found in a questionnaire form. They are lists of questions designed to find out thoughts of potential customers. As technology increases so does the amount of ways questionnaires can be created and dispersed. They can be handed out on the street or by post even over the phone. Questionnaires along with other primary research methods use two types of questions which are: * Closed questions which feature pre set options and allow people to tick or circle options they want. Points for this include the fact more people are willing to answer these questions as they are short and they are easy and there quick to interpret which is a big plus for Errol. However people might not agree with any of the options available and people cant give opinions. * Open questions which feature questions which people answer in their own words giving their own opinion. This is good as Errol will be able to find out about peoples feelings as they express opinions but every answer is different meaning it will take much longer to put in graphs and interpret. Errol will need to analyse the data he collects and put them on tables and create graphs where he can then find out what he set out to find. Surveys can be most useful when finding out about collecting information about potential customers as you will be able to receive personal feedback from them. Interviews; Interviews can be used differently to surveys as they can find out what the customers felt about the product and in Errols case the service. They will feature prepared and mostly open questions to get the interviewees full opinion. Focus Groups; Focus groups are like interviews but feature groups instead of interviewing individuals. This will help Errol receive feedback about his service. Consumer panels; Consumer panels are used over a time period where consumers give their view of a product over time. Like focus groups it helps receive a feedback about the good or service. Observation; This is where customers are observed to see what promotions attract them this can help Errol see how people react to his adverts as well as what products they like. Product sampling; this is where customers get a sample of the product or service and have to feed back on it. This helps businesses see customers wants and needs. Secondary Research Techniques There are 2 types of secondary research; Internal; meaning secondary resources available to Errol only and External; meaning secondary sources publicly available for people to look at. The internet: puts information on every item or service available. Research can be conducted with minimal costs and enough information can be acquired easily. Information from all around the world is included on the web; therefore this method is very informative and effective if you know what you are looking for. Articles: Special reports in newspapers such as the Financial Times. (A newspaper more to do with businesses-stock market-trade) Businesses could gain information about competition and different trends by looking at these kinds of sources. With the information they collect, businesses adjust/develop products and services to meet the high standards of customers. *I am now going to explain the benefits and drawbacks of what method I think Errol should use if he wishes to go ahead with secondary research, (internet.) Internet If Errol is considering using secondary research I would advise him to use the internet. He can easily find out about his potential customers needs and want and he can observe the competition round him. Using the internet is time consuming but it hardly costs and that is a benefit for Errol. The overall benefits of the Internet are; always free and there to use, no restrictions on when you can and cannot use it. It is also cost-effective and generally easy to use. The overall drawbacks of the internet are; some information on there can be out of date therefore no use to you and wasted your time. There is also a wide range of information on the web and it is not very specific, it would take you a long time to find out what you particularly want. (Competition within your local area-Harrow) Questionnaires: Advantages: Using questionnaires will give Errol many advantages. Errol can decide what questions he would like to ask the participants and therefore he can include these questions in it. This is an advantage as he can ask questions which are directly related to the type of business he is going to start. This will be more beneficial for Errol as he can think of questions which will help him with his research rather than, if he never chose what questions to ask the questionnaire might not be helpful for him as the questions wont be related to anything to do with his business. Using questionnaires will also help Errol with using the market research to aid him in starting his business. It will be easier for Errol to analyse the answers and the type of response he gets from the questionnaires. Questionnaires are one of the easiest types of surveys to analyse; especially if you use closed questions as this limits the type of answer the participant gives you. This brings me on to my next point which is that Errol doesnt have to choose different questions to ask each individual; everyone is asked the same question so Errol wont have to think of different question for each questionnaire he makes. Lastly, another advantage for Errol with using questionnaires is that if the participant is used to face to face or over the phone, the two way communication help to make sure the respondent understands the questions fully. Disadvantages: However, as well as advantages there are also the same amount of disadvantages with using questionnaires. Firstly, the questions that Errol decides to include, may be brief and impersonal and may not be related to the purpose of making questionnaires (market research). Therefore, Errol will have to think carefully to ask the correct type of questions, otherwise he will be at a financial lost as he will have wasted money on producing questionnaires which are in no way related to his objective of finding out about his market and competition. Secondly, Errol may not get back a full 100% response as there is a low return rate for postal and newspaper questionnaires. There are 2 possible reasons as to why this is. Firstly the participant may not bother at all to fill out the questionnaire or might not even look at it thinking it is junk mail and put it in the bin. Secondly, the participants may fill out the questionnaire; however they may forget to post it back to Errol. A third disadvantage of using questionnaires is the fact that it is quite time consuming as well as expensive. Errol needs to be sure he has asked the most appropriate and on targeted questions in the questionnaire so at the end of the day all the money and time used, pays of and was not simply just a waste of time. Lastly, Errol should choose exactly which type of questions he will include in his questionnaires. He needs to decide whether theyre going to be open questions, closed questions or perhaps a mixture of both. Moreover, the last possible disadvantage of using questionnaires comes in if Errol decides to use closed questions. Errol will be at a disadvantage at this point because closed questions do not really allow or give people the opportunity to express their own opinions. Therefore this may not be helpful for Errol when he has to look back through the questionnaires for feedback. Interviewing: Advantages There are fairly lot advantages of interviewing. The first advantage is that the interviewer can help the interviewee, (in this case Errol can help the participant), to understand the questions and also gives Errol the chance of explaining the questions in depth, also uncovering the purpose, giving the participant the chance to answer the questions to the best of their ability. Views and opinions can also be easily expressed through interviews; whether theyre open or either closed questions. Therefore Errol can get more positive and informative feed back form the participants to help him with his market research. The last advantage of using interviews is that the responses Errol will get more detailed responses which will, again, help him with his market research. Disadvantages: The disadvantages of interviews are that interviews are costly and furthermore extremely time consuming, as Errol will have to go to each individual participant and interview them and it will take time to interview each participant and there is no idea of how long itll take. Secondly, interviews are very difficult to analyse as Errol will get different responses from each participant. Also, not to mention, that this will take up a lot of Errols time; therefore this factor will also make it time consuming. Lastly Errol may not be given an honest opinion or answers to his questionnaire. This is because the participant may be intimidated by the fact that the person (Errol) is right in front of them and therefore may not their honest thoughts and answers. Focus Groups: Advantages: Focus groups have far less advantages than interviewing as well as questionnaires. The first advantage of using focus groups as part of market research is that they are a relatively cheap way of gaining the views of customers. This way Errol will not have to spend too much money for doing his market research as this is not as costly as the other methods and he will also be able to get a moderate detailed and amount of response. The second advantage of using focus groups is that customers are more likely to respond to this than a postal questionnaire. This will be beneficial for Errol as he will be guaranteed a response from the participants which will help him with his market research. Disadvantages: However, there are more disadvantages than advantages for using focus groups. The first disadvantage of using focus groups is customers/participants may have their opinions changed by other members of the group as they can be influenced by other group members. This will not be good for Errols market research as he will not be getting a definitive or honest opinion from many customers/participants; so he will not know if their opinions are their own or what the majority think. Also, it may be difficult for Errol to find people who are prepared to give up time for a focus group session. This may take time for Errol to find a group of people. Lastly, the opinions and response that Errol gets will only be a small number of customers and may not reflect and represent the views of the majority of customers, and therefore it may be a bit of a gamble. Observation: Advantages: There are only two possible advantages for using observation as part of Errols market research. The first benefit for Errol is that a larger number of people can be analysed as Errol can observe as many people he wishes. And secondly, observation is an extremely cheap method of market research. It will not cost Errol far as much as it will to use other methods of market research. Disadvantages: There is only one main disadvantage of using observation which is, it only gives customer reactions and not the reasons for those reactions. Therefore Errol may be at a loss and may be confused or puzzled as to why the customers have made a specific decision as he will not know the reason. Secondary Methods: Advantages of Secondary Research: The advantages of using secondary methods of research are, firstly, it is often Obtained without cost so it is cheaper than primary research. This will be very beneficial towards Errol as itll mean he will be saving money which he can then spend on other factors to help him in starting up his business. The second advantage of using secondary methods is that it is usually instantly available. This means that Errol will not have to spend too much time in obtaining and collecting the information and can get straight on to analysing the information and responses. Errol has to take in account many issues when choosing which market research technique is best suited to him and his needs. The market research technique most useful to Errol could be Surveys. Surveys are probably the most useful to Errol as they will allow him to answer all his questions on market research as other techniques might only result in him finding out about one sector of market research for example product sampling could look at the service for sale but couldnt establish anything about the state of the market or competition Errol will face. When designing his survey he can make sure he asks questions which will get the information Errol is looking for. This might not always work as people would give opinions not facts. The internet would be useful for finding facts as would most secondary research methods. Socially Errol will have to worry about designing the questionnaire to make sure it doesnt offend any body and when handing out face to face surveys Errol might not get true opinions as the people might become nervous and tell Errol what he wants to hear not what they feel. A way around this problem is to ask people to post the surveys back so they are anonymous however this will take away one major advantage of surveys which is the fact if someone doesnt understand a question they could be helped. Another problem derived from this is there is a low postal return rate for surveys as people are not gaining anything by posting surveys back. Errol could give gifts to people who return them but as he doesnt have much money he wouldnt be able to afford that; he could offer a raffle where every one who sends the survey back is entered this is a cheaper way to boost replies. Financially handing out surveys will cost Errol a lot and it will take up a lot of time to analyse. This is the biggest drawbacks of surveys as there are very few things that can be done to minimize costs and save time. Some things that can help include using ICT to process the information shortening the time taken and to cut costs Errol could send his questioners through e-mail and hand them out on the street instead of using the phone or newspaper as these cost more money. Surveys are also normally brief and impersonal but the way around this would be to add more open questions however this would then put people of completing the survey. Errol could improve his survey by using a variation of closed and open questions to get developed opinions from the open questions while still keeping peoples attention and making it easier to analyse from closed questions. To conclude Errol has many types of marketing research available to him giving him a lot of information which will greatly help him and his business. To maximize its use Errol should use both primary and secondary research techniques improving the techniques to tailor his needs and limitations. Surveys would help answer his questions but will cost him money and will take up time while internet might not be able to answer his specific questions but will not take up as much money and time. If Errol uses both techniques he can get a range of information allowing him to achieve his market research objectives relatively quickly while not using up a lot of money.